Numbers

Latency

Memory

Operation Time Note
L1 ref 1ns
L2 ref 4ns
RAM ref 100ns
SSD ref 16us "Random read", eq. to HDD disk seek
HDD ref 4ms Disk seek

Read 1MB Sequentially

From Time
RAM 20us
SSD 300us
HDD 2ms

CPU

Operation Time
Mutex lock 17ns
Compress 1KB 2us
Context switch 5us

Network

Operation Time
Send 2KB over network 1us
Round-trip in DC 500us
Round-trip CA->AMS 150ms

Data Speeds

Operation Speed
HDD read/write 150 MB/s
SSD read/write 500 MB/s
USB 2.0 HDD 30 MB/s
USB 3.0 SSD 300 MB/s

Time

Period Seconds
1 hour 3.6K
1 day 86K
1 year 30M

Powers of 2

Power Size Kibi
2^3 8
2^4 16
2^5 32
2^6 64
2^7 128
2^8 256
2^9 512
2^10 1024 1 KiB
2^16 65,536
2^20 1,048,576 1 MiB
2^30 1,073,741,824 1 GiB
2^32 4,294,967,296
2^40 1.09 * 10^12 1 TiB
2^64 1.84 * 10^19

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